Perennial Garden Planning

Perennials play a vital role in garden ecosystems, offering lasting structure, seasonal interest, and habitat for wildlife. Unlike annuals, which complete their life cycle in one season, perennials return year after year, often growing stronger over time. Their deep root systems improve soil health, reduce erosion, and help retain moisture, making them a more sustainable choice. Including a variety of perennials also supports pollinators and beneficial insects by providing consistent shelter and food sources across seasons.

Plant diversity is essential for a healthy, resilient garden. A mix of species—especially those that bloom at different times—ensures that pollinators have access to nectar and pollen from early spring to late fall. This extended bloom period also adds color and interest throughout the year. Prioritizing native plants is especially important, as they are adapted to local climates, require less maintenance, and support native wildlife more effectively than many ornamental species. Just as crucial is avoiding invasive plants, which can outcompete native flora, disrupt ecosystems, and reduce biodiversity. Thoughtful plant selection and garden planning promote both beauty and ecological balance.

Here are some excellent native perennials for gardens in the Northeastern United States. These plants not only thrive in the region’s climate but also support local pollinators, birds, and beneficial insects.

Wildflowers and Herbaceous Perennials

• Purple Coneflower (Echinacea purpurea) – A pollinator favorite, especially for bees and butterflies. Blooms mid-to-late summer.

• Black-eyed Susan (Rudbeckia hirta) – Bright, cheerful blooms from midsummer into fall; great for bees and butterflies.

• Wild Bergamot (Monarda fistulosa) – Lavender flowers with a minty scent; attracts hummingbirds and butterflies.

• New England Aster (Symphyotrichum novae-angliae) – Late-blooming purple flowers critical for fall pollinators.

• Goldenrod (Solidago spp.) – Often wrongly blamed for allergies, goldenrod is a vital late-season food source for pollinators.

Shade-Tolerant Native Perennials

• Columbine (Aquilegia canadensis) – Delicate red and yellow flowers that attract early-season hummingbirds.

• Solomon’s Seal (Polygonatum biflorum) – Graceful arching stems with small bell-shaped flowers; good for shady spots.

• Foamflower (Tiarella cordifolia) – Great groundcover with frothy spring blooms and attractive foliage.

Grasses and Structural Plants

• Little Bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium) – Offers visual interest and shelter for insects and birds.

• Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) – Tall, airy grass ideal for back borders or meadow-style plantings.

Tips

• Be sure to source your plants from reputable nurseries that specialize in natives—this helps ensure they’re not cultivars that may lack the same ecological benefits.

• Avoid invasive species like Japanese knotweed, purple loosestrife, and goutweed, which can quickly take over and disrupt local habitats.

• Plant different heights! By planting perennials of different height varieties, you'll be able to include more plants in smaller areas! Taller flowers like Joe Pye Weed, Asters, or grasses work great in the back of your garden, while groundcovers like phlox and columbine are perfect for the front!